Rural household migration in China–the roles of actual and perceived tenure security

文章來源：Guangcheng Ren, Xueqin Zhu, Nico Heerink, *Shuyi Feng. Rural household migration in China – the roles of actual and perceived tenure security[J]. China Economic Review, 2020, 63:101534.

Abstract：Migration can make an important contribution to rural poverty reduction and overall productivity growth, but it may be limited by prevailing rural land tenure arrangements. Since 1998, the Chinese government has implemented a number of land tenure reforms with the aim of improving the tenure security and the transferability of land. Although these reforms enhanced legal tenure security, it is not clear to what extent they remove existing land tenure bottlenecks in migration. Both actual tenure security, i.e. local implementation of laws that warrant tenure security, and household perceptions of tenure security are likely to play a role. In this paper we examine the impacts of actual and perceived tenure security on rural household migration in China, taking into account the degree of development of land rental markets. We argue that actual and perceived tenure security can have both positive and negative effects on migration decisions and that the presence of land rental markets may modify these effects. A two-step control function approach that controls for endogeneity of tenure security perceptions is applied to household and village-level data collected in Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning provinces and Chongqing municipality. We find that both actual and perceived tenure security affect migration, but the impact of perceived tenure security measured by land real expectations is much stronger and is positive, whereas the independent impact of actual tenure security is negative. Households perceiving a lower risk of losing land when one or more members migrate are more inclined to migrate, independent of the availability of land rental markets in their villages. Actual tenure security, as measured by absence of land reals and possession of land certificates, has an independent negative effect on migration only in villages with underdeveloped land rental markets.

Keywords: Migration ; Land tenure security ; Household perceptions ; Land rental market ; China

中國農村家庭遷移——實際和感知的土地權保障的作用

摘要：移民可以為農村減貧和整體生產力增長做出重要貢獻，但可能會受到現行農村土地使用權安排的限制。自1998年以來，中國政府實施了一系列土地使用權改革，旨在提高土地使用權的安全性和可轉讓性。雖然這些改革加強了法律上的土地權屬保障，但在多大程度上消除了現有的土地權屬瓶頸，现在尚不清楚。實際的土地使用權保障（即當地執行保障土地使用權的法律）和家庭對土地使用權保障的看法都可能起到一定的作用。在本文中，k8凯发(中国)結合土地租賃市場的开展程度，研究了實際和感知的土地權保障對中國農村家庭遷移的影響。k8凯发(中国)認為，實際和感知的土地權保障對遷移決策既有持续影響，也有消極影響，而土地租賃市場的存在可能會改變這些影響。在江蘇、江西、遼寧省和重慶市收集的家庭和村級數據中，k8凯发(中国)採用了兩步控制函數法來控制權屬安全認知的內生性。k8凯发(中国)發現，實際和感知的土地權保障都會影響人口遷移，但以土地再分配預期衡量的感知土地權保障的影響更大，而且是正向的，而實際土地權保障的獨立影響是負向的。認為在一名或多名成員遷移時失去土地的風險較低的家庭更傾向於遷移，這與村里是否有土地租賃市場無關。只有在土地租賃市場不發達的村莊，以沒有土地重新分配和擁有土地證為衡量標準的實際土地權保障才會對遷移產生獨立的負面影響。

關鍵詞：遷移；土地保有權保障；家庭觀念；土地租賃市場；中國